Fix misaligned pointer dereference in the buddy example file main.rs

Hello,

my first ever serious merge request . I tried to sound professionally. I hope I don't sound mean or anything. First of all thanks for the amazing examples! I'll jump straight to the point:

Error

The following error occurred when I ran the cargo run command on the buddy example located in examples/chapters/chapter12/buddy:

HEAP starts at 0x5bc20d011061
thread 'main' panicked at src/linked_list.rs:22:9:
misaligned pointer dereference: address must be a multiple of 0x8 but is 0x5bc20d011061
note: run with `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` environment variable to display a backtrace
thread caused non-unwinding panic. aborting.
Aborted (core dumped)

Reproduction

This error can be reproduced by intentionally misaligning the HEAP pointer using the offset method:

// main.rs

// Intentionally misaligning the HEAP Pointer.
fn main() {
    println!("HEAP starts at 0x{:x}", unsafe { HEAP.as_ptr().offset(1) as usize });

    let mut buddy = unsafe { BuddySystem::<32>::new(HEAP.as_mut_ptr().offset(1) as *mut u8, HEAP_SIZE) };
    // ...
}

The use of .offset(1) should misalign the pointer and cause the crash.

Solution

To solve this, I changed the HEAP data type in main.rs from u8 to usize. Additionally, when passing the pointer to BuddySystem, it was necessary to cast HEAP.as_mut_ptr() to *mut u8. This was a consequence of changing the data type of HEAP from u8 to usize:

// main.rs

// Previous Code
static mut HEAP: [u8; HEAP_SIZE] = [0; HEAP_SIZE];

fn main() {
    println!("HEAP starts at 0x{:x}", unsafe { HEAP.as_ptr() as usize });

    let mut buddy = unsafe { BuddySystem::<32>::new(HEAP.as_mut_ptr(), HEAP_SIZE) };
    // ...
}

// Updated Code
static mut HEAP: [usize; HEAP_SIZE] = [0; HEAP_SIZE];

fn main() {
    println!("HEAP starts at 0x{:x}", unsafe { HEAP.as_ptr() as usize });

    let mut buddy = unsafe { BuddySystem::<32>::new(HEAP.as_mut_ptr() as *mut u8, HEAP_SIZE) };
    // ...
}

Using usize instead of u8 seems to ensure proper memory alignment since usize is naturally aligned to 8 bytes on 64-bit systems, which prevents the misaligned pointer dereference error we encountered before.

I tested this solution and it worked on my system without any issues. Though, I am not sure whether this is an actual proper solution or rather something like a "quick-fix".

Thank you!