diff --git a/docs/documentation/sizing/fuselage_design/design_method.md b/docs/documentation/sizing/fuselage_design/design_method.md index 4a1b822f019f7e257145ee003458d99b6dabb855..30897dcc0a8364d7c91bd29d168a8221ac777b32 100644 --- a/docs/documentation/sizing/fuselage_design/design_method.md +++ b/docs/documentation/sizing/fuselage_design/design_method.md @@ -27,63 +27,64 @@ In which #### Calculate cabin width The cabin width $w_{\text{cabin}}$ (in inch) can then be calculated: $$ - w_{\text{cabin}} = w_{\text{aisle}} + w_{seat\_bench\_left} + w_{seat\_bench\_right} + 2 \cdot w_{seat\_space} + w_{\text{cabin}} = w_{\text{aisle}} + w_{\text{bench,left}} + w_{\text{bench,right}} + 2 \cdot w_{\text{seat space}} $$ In which -- $w_{aisle}$ - passenger aisle width -- $w_{seat\_space}$ - lowest class seat space +- $w_{\text{aisle}}$ - passenger aisle width +- $w_{\text{seat space}}$ - lowest class seat space -In case of a **wide-body aircraft configuration** there is an additional row in the middle of the aircraft as well as an additional passenger aisle. The width of the seat bench $w_{seat\_bench\_center}$ can be calculated using an equation similar to that in the previous section. -$ - w_{seat\_bench\_center} = n_{seats} \cdot w_{seat} + 2 \cdot w_{armrest\_outer} + (n_{seats} - 1) \cdot w_{armrest\_inner} -$ +In case of a **wide-body aircraft configuration** there is an additional row in the middle of the aircraft as well as an additional passenger aisle. The width of the seat bench $w_{\text{bench,center}}$ can be calculated using an equation similar to that in the previous section. +$$ + w_{\text{bench,center}} = n_{\text{seats}} \cdot w_{\text{seat}} + 2 \cdot w_{\text{armrest,outer}} + (n_{\text{seats}} - 1) \cdot w_{\text{armrest,inner}} +$$ In which -- $w_{seat}$ - seat width (from lowest class seat parameters of right side) -- $w_{armrest\_outer}$ - width of outer armrest (from lowest class seat parameters of right side) -- $w_{armrest\_inner}$ - width of inner armrest (from lowest class seat parameters of right side) + +- $w_{\text{seat}}$ - seat width (from lowest class seat parameters of right side) +- $w_{\text{armrest,outer}}$ - width of outer armrest (from lowest class seat parameters of right side) +- $w_{\text{armrest,inner}}$ - width of inner armrest (from lowest class seat parameters of right side) The equation for the cabin width estimation must be adapted accordingly: -$ - w_{cabin} = w_{aisle} + w_{seat\_bench\_left} + w_{seat\_bench\_right} + 2 \cdot w_{seat\_space} + w_{aisle} + w_{seat\_bench\_center} -$ +$$ + w_{\text{cabin}} = w_{\text{aisle}} + w_{\text{bench,left}} + w_{\text{bench,right}} + 2 \cdot w_{\text{seat space}} + w_{\text{aisle}} + w_{\text{bench,center}} +$$ ### Cabin slenderness ratio <sup>[1]</sup> -The cabin slenderness ratio describes the ratio of cabin width to cabin length $\frac{w_{cabin}}{l_{cabin}}$. -Whilst the cabin width is already known, the cabin length can be determined using the following equation: -$ - l_{cabin} = \frac{n_{PAX\_per\_class}}{ab} \cdot \left[ sp + \frac{a_{service}}{w_{seat}} + \frac{a_{bulk}}{\frac{w_{aisle}}{ab} + w_{seat}} + x \cdot w_{exit} \cdot \left( \frac{ab}{n_{PAX\_per\_class}} + \frac{sp}{d_{exits}} \right) \right] -$ +The cabin slenderness ratio describes the ratio of cabin width to cabin length and can be determined using the following equation: +$$ + \frac{w_{\text{cabin}}}{l_{\text{cabin}}} = \frac{n_{\text{PAX per class}}}{ab} \cdot \left[ sp + \frac{a_{\text{service}}}{w_{\text{seat}}} + \frac{a_{\text{bulk}}}{\frac{w_{\text{aisle}}}{ab} + w_{\text{seat}}} + x \cdot w_{\text{exit}} \cdot \left( \frac{ab}{n_{\text{PAX per class}}} + \frac{sp}{d_{\text{exits}}} \right) \right] +$$ In which + - $x$ - factor (1 for single-aisle, 2 for wide-body) -- $n_{PAX\_per\_class}$ - number of PAX per class +- $n_{\text{PAX per class}}$ - number of PAX per class - $ab$ - seat abreast - $sp$ - seat pitch -- $a_{service}$ - service area per PAX -- $a_{bulk}$ - bulk area per PAX -- $w_{exit}$ - exit width -- $d_{exits}$ - maximum distance between two exits +- $a_{\text{service}}$ - service area per PAX +- $a_{\text{bulk}}$ - bulk area per PAX +- $w_{\text{exit}}$ - exit width +- $d_{\text{exits}}$ - maximum distance between two exits ### Cabin length Knowing the cabin width and the cabin slenderness ratio, the cabin length (in inch) can be calculated: -$ - l_{cabin} = \frac{w_{cabin}}{\frac{w_{cabin}}{l_{cabin}}} -$ +$$ + l_{\text{cabin}} = \frac{w_{\text{cabin}}}{\frac{w_{\text{cabin}}}{l_{\text{cabin}}}} +$$ ### Cabin wall thickness The cabin wall thickness can be estimated using the following calculation: -$ - t_{wall} = 0.02 \cdot w_{cabin} + 2.5" -$ +$$ + t_{\text{wall}} = 0.02 \cdot w_{\text{cabin}} + 2.5" +$$ ### Cabin floor thickness With the use of the cabin wall thickness, the cabin floor thickness can be calculated: -$ - t_{floor} = 1.5 \cdot t_{wall} -$ +$$ + t_{\text{floor}} = 1.5 \cdot t_{\text{wall}} +$$ ## Determine fuselage geometry {#fuselage-geometry} With the calculated cabin the fuselage dimensions can be estimated. @@ -92,85 +93,92 @@ With the calculated cabin the fuselage dimensions can be estimated. The fuselage length can be determined via regression formulas using the cabin length (in meter). For single-aisle aircraft: -$ - l_{fuselage} = \frac{l_{cabin}}{0.23482756 \cdot \log l_{cabin} - 0.05106017} -$ +$$ + l_{\text{fuselage}} = \frac{l_{\text{cabin}}}{0.23482756 \cdot \log l_{\text{cabin}} - 0.05106017} +$$ For wide-body aircraft: -$ - l_{fuselage} = \frac{l_{cabin}}{0.1735 \cdot \log l_{cabin} - 0.0966} -$ +$$ + l_{\text{fuselage}} = \frac{l_{\text{cabin}}}{0.1735 \cdot \log l_{\text{cabin}} - 0.0966} +$$ ### Fuselage diameters The fuselage does not necessarily have a circular cross-section. It is more common to design elliptical cross-sections. Because of that, there are several values that must be determined: + - Fuselage diameter in y-direction - Fuselage diameter in negative z-direction - Fuselage diameter in positive z-direction #### Fuselage diameter in y-direction -The fuselage diameter in y-direction $d_{fuselage\_y}$ can be calculated in the following way: -$ - d_{fuselage\_y} = w_{cabin} + 2 \cdot t_{wall} -$ +The fuselage diameter in y-direction $d_{\text{fuselage,y}}$ can be calculated in the following way: +$$ + d_{\text{fuselage,y}} = w_{\text{cabin}} + 2 \cdot t_{\text{wall}} +$$ #### Fuselage diameter in negative z-direction -The fuselage diameter in negative z-direction $d_{fuselage\_z\_neg}$ is determined by the cargo accommodation. It can be calculated in the following way. +The fuselage diameter in negative z-direction $d_{\text{fuselage,z,neg}}$ is determined by the cargo accommodation. It can be calculated in the following way. + At first, the distance to the cargo bottom is calculated: -$ - d_{to\_cargo\_bottom} = h_{max} + t_{floor} + d_{container\_to\_ceil} + o_{cabin\_floor} -$ +$$ + d_{\text{to cargo bottom}} = h_{\text{ULD,max}} + t_{\text{floor}} + d_{\text{container to ceil}} + o_{\text{cabin floor}} +$$ In which -- $h_{max}$ - maximum height of unit load device -- $d_{container\_to\_ceil}$ - distance from the container to the ceiling -- $o_{cabin\_floor}$ - offset cabin floor + +- $h_{\text{ULD,max}}$ - maximum height of unit load device +- $t_{\text{floor}}$ - floor thickness +- $d_{\text{container to ceil}}$ - distance from the container to the ceiling +- $o_{\text{cabin floor}}$ - offset cabin floor Afterwards, the distance to the lower compartment edge is estimated: -$ - d_{to\_lower\_compartment\_edge} = d_{container\_to\_wall} + 0.5 \cdot w_{max\_at\_base} -$ +$$ + d_{\text{to lower compartment edge}} = d_{\text{container to wall}} + 0.5 \cdot w_{\text{base,max}} +$$ In which -- $d_{container\_to\_wall}$ - distance from container to wall -- $w_{max\_at\_base}$ - maximum width at container base +- $d_{\text{container to wall}}$ - distance from container to wall +- $w_{\text{base,max}}$ - maximum width at container base Based on the Pythagorean theorem, the inner fuselage diameter (that equals the hypotenuse) can be calculated: -$ - d_{inner\_fuselage\_z\_neg} = \sqrt{(d_{to\_cargo\_bottom})^2 + (d_{to\_lower\_compartment\_edge})^2} -$ +$$ + d_{\text{fuselage,z,neg,inner}} = \sqrt{(d_{\text{to cargo bottom}})^2 + (d_{\text{to lower compartment edge}})^2} +$$ Adding the wall thickness results in the fuselage diameter in negative z-direction: -$ - d_{fuselage\_z\_neg} = d_{inner\_fuselage\_z\_neg} + t_{wall} -$ +$$ + d_{\text{fuselage,z,neg}} = d_{\text{fuselage,z,neg,inner}} + t_{\text{wall}} +$$ #### Fuselage diameter in positive z-direction -The fuselage diameter in positive z-direction $d_{fuselage\_z\_pos}$ is determined by the passenger accommodation. It can be calculated in the following way. +The fuselage diameter in positive z-direction $d_{\text{fuselage,z,pos}}$ is determined by the passenger accommodation. It can be calculated in the following way. + Firstly, the inner fuselage height (equals outer cabin height) can be determined: -$ - d_{inner\_fuselage\_z\_pos} = h_{aisle\_standing} - o_{cabin\_floor} + h_{system\_bay} -$ +$$ + d_{\text{fuselage,z,pos,inner}} = h_{\text{aisle,standing}} - o_{\text{cabin floor}} + h_{\text{system bay}} +$$ In which -- $h_{aisle\_standing}$ - passenger aisle standing height -- $o_{cabin\_floor}$ - cabin floor offset -- $h_{system\_bay}$ - system bay height above cabin + +- $h_{\text{aisle,standing}}$ - passenger aisle standing height +- $o_{\text{cabin floor}}$ - cabin floor offset +- $h_{\text{system bay}}$ - system bay height above cabin Adding the wall thickness leads to the fuselage diameter in positive z-direction. -$ - d_{fuselage\_z\_pos} = d_{inner\_fuselage\_z\_pos} + t_{wall} -$ +$$ + d_{\text{fuselage,z,pos}} = d_{\text{fuselage,z,pos,inner}} + t_{\text{wall}} +$$ ### Fuselage height The total height of the fuselage can be determined by summing up the fuselage diameters in positive and negative z-direction: -$ - h_{fuselage} = d_{fuselage\_z\_pos} + d_{fuselage\_z\_neg} -$ +$$ + h_{\text{fuselage}} = d_{\text{fuselage,z,pos}} + d_{\text{fuselage,z,neg}} +$$ !!! note If the `force_circle_cross_section` mode is selected, fuselage height and width are set to the maximum of both. ## Mass estimation {#mass-estimation} The following masses are estimated: + - Fuselage structure - Operator items - Furnishing @@ -183,8 +191,10 @@ Please refer to _Synthesis of Subsonic Airplane Design_ by E. Torenbeek<sup>[3]< ## Generate fuselage shape {#generate-shape} The fuselage shape is generated using the calculated data and the reference ellipses (see the [getting started](getting_started.md) page for more information). The final geometry is written to the `fuselage_design_ellipses.json` file. + The aircraft is divided into three sections: A cockpit section, followed by a constant section, and the tail section. The steps of the shape generation are basically the same for all aircraft sections: + 1. Calculate the section length as a percentage of the fuselage length<sup>*</sup>. 2. Proportionally adjust the given reference geometry to match the actual geometry using scaling factors. Therefore, separate scaling factors are calculated for - the x-direction (lengthwise),